The Role of Communication in Achieving Open Defecation-Free Communities: A Study of Local Government Initiatives in Idah and Dekina, Kogi State

Abstract

Open defecation remains a serious health issue in parts of Kogi State, particularly in Idah and Dekina. This study examined how communication strategies influence the shift towards open defecation-free (ODF) practices and evaluated the role of local government interventions. Drawing on the Health Belief Model and Diffusion of Innovations Theory, the research combined interviews with key stakeholders and a survey of 140 public health officials. Findings revealed that a mix of advocacy, behavioural change communication, and social mobilisation is being used, with social media and traditional media as main channels. While most officials (77%) viewed the strategies as effective, challenges such as limited awareness, cultural norms, and funding constraints continue to hinder progress. Moderate community engagement (51%) also limited impact. The study calls for more inclusive, culturally aware messaging, stronger community involvement, and alignment with Nigeria’s Clean Nigeria: Use the Toilet campaign. These insights offer practical guidance for improving sanitation efforts and advancing Sustainable Development Goal 6.