MICROBIAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION: THE FUTURE ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR MICRO-POWERED GADGETS AND BIOSENSORS FOR EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS

Abstract

The global energy crisis has spurred the search for alternative renewable energy sources, and recently, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have garnered significant biotechnological attention. MFCs directly harness and transfer electrons released during microbial metabolism through the anaerobic anode terminal to power external loads. Pilot studies on MFCs have demonstrated impressive efficiency ratings ranging from 89% to 95%, depending on factors such as substrate, oxidizers, exogenous mediators, and the electrode's nature used in constructing the system. The enhanced prospects of MFCs lie in their renewable fuel source, ability to yield clean energy, lightweight design, automated operation, and economic feasibility. These characteristics make them attractive as alternative energy sources for various micropowered gadgets, such as small robotic watercraft, organic photovoltaic cells, and mobile communication devices. Moreover, MFCs hold promise for powering medical devices like pacemakers, artificial hearts, and glucose sensors for diabetics. Additionally, their use as biochips and biosensors in extreme environments, such as meteorological stations, radioactive polluted sites, and ocean depths, for continuous monitoring, presents exciting possibilities. Despite their potential, MFCs face challenges related to pathogenic tendencies, environmental sensitivity, and mutagenic traits of the involved microbes. Furthermore, the design and structural aspects of MFCs need further research and development to ensure practical implementation. In conclusion, microbial fuel cells offer a promising avenue for sustainable energy solutions, but addressing the challenges through extensive research and innovation will be critical to realizing their full potential.